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生产队是否具备诉讼主体资格/王卫洲

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-30 07:36:57  浏览:9095   来源:法律资料网
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王卫洲律师以案说法系列——
生产队是否具备诉讼主体资格
Xx生产队,因xx市体育中心侵占其所有的集体土地将xx市体育中心诉至法院,要求返还土地。
Xx体育中心认为:承认土地属于Xx生产队所有,但是Xx生产队是一个不存在的组织,生产队是上世纪的经济模式,现在已不复存在,故生产队不具备起诉资格。
Xx生产队认为:并没有任何机关将xx生产队撤销,虽然现在生产队的土地分包到户,但是土地仍属于生产队所有,生产队主体资格仍然存在,可以提起诉讼,xx市体育中心侵占的土地必须返还。
2011年1月15日,xx生产队收到了xx市中级人民法院”(2010)宁民初字第18号”《民事裁定书》,xx市中级人民法院以xx生产队不具备起诉的主体资格为由驳回xx生产队的起诉。
裁定驳回xx生产队的起诉的理由为“生产队属于我国农村经济体制改革之前存在的单位,目前我国普遍实行乡、镇、村、村民小组称谓,《中华人民共和国村民委员会组织法》(说明:这是已经失效的法律,一审裁定在适用时没有注明)第十条规定“村民委员会可以按照村民居住状况分设若干村民小组,小组长由村民小组会议推选。”据此村委会领导范围内不存在生产队的建制。据此xx生产队应被其他集体经济组织所取代,xx生产队已经不存在”.



律师观点:

一、一审裁定不理解法律,认定事实错误,适用法律错误。
1、一审法官并不理解集体经济组织和村民委员会、村民小组的关系,认定事实错误。
在我国村民委员会和村民小组属于一种自治组织,带有行政管理的性质,但其并不是集体经济组织,当然乡镇人民政府更不属于集体经济组织。而生产队属于一种集体经济组织,不是自治组织,它与村民小组、村委会等自治组织是相互独立的,不能混为一谈。《中华人民共和国土地管理法》第十条、《农村土地承包法》第十二条明确的将村民小组、村委会和农村集体经济组织对土地及土地承包的经营管理权作出明确的规定,不同的主体在同一条法律分别作出相应的规定,可以清晰的判断出村民小组与生产队并不是一回事,村农民集体经济组织与村委会也不可混为一谈。他们之间是并立关系,相互独立。村民委员会内设立村民小组并不能影响集体生产队这种经济组织的存在。更不能认为“村民小组”已经将“生产队”取代。

2、一审裁定认为“xx生产队”名称不能继续使用,违背事实和法律。
按照我国《宪法》第一百一十一条和《村民委员会组织法》第二条的规定村民委员会是“基层群众性自治组织”,属于一种管理组织;而生产队这种单位实际上属于一种集体经济组织,在1962年《人民公社工作条修正草案》和《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》等法律都有明确的规定。
在我国宪法第八条规定“ 农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。农村中的生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济,是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。”现行宪法明确的承认了我国农村集体经济组织的主体资格。
流美村村民委员会与xx生产队,一个是群众自治组织,一个是集体经济组织,属于完全性质不同的单位,实际上是相互独立的,现行《土地管理法》第十条明确规定了“村民委员会、村民小组、农村集体经济组织”对集体土地经营管理的权利,这可以明确的说明,村民委员会与生产队这种集体经济组织是相互独立的,不同的单位,一审裁定认为村委会不存在了,所以xx生产队的名字就不能使用了,这显然是错误的。
二、我国实行“三级所有、队为基础”的集体经济所有制,生产队作为集体经济组织是仍然存在的,我国农村集体经济体制改革,只是将集体经济组织的经营模式进行了改革,并没有将集体经济组织取消,一审裁定主观臆断,对法律理解错误。
1、我国仍然实行“三级所有、队为基础”的集体经济所有制。
根据我国现行《宪法》和《农村土地承包经营法》第农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。而按照1962年《农村人民公社工作条例修正草案》我国农村集体经济所有制模式为“三级所有、队为基础”。
《农村土地承包法》第十二条规定“农民集体所有的土地依法属于村农民集体所有的,由村集体经济组织或者村民委员会发包;已经分别属于村内两个以上农村集体经济组织的农民集体所有的,由村内各该农村集体经济组织或者村民小组发包。村集体经济组织或者村民委员会发包的,不得改变村内各集体经济组织农民集体所有的土地的所有权。”这与《土地管理法》第十条的规定的经营管理权完全一致;分别将三级所有的集体土地如何进行承包和经营管理进行了规定,可见法律是仍然认可我国历来实施的“三级所有、队为基础”的集体经济所有权体制的。
综上法律规定,生产队我国目前仍然实行三级所有队为基础的所有权体制,生产队作为最基本的集体经济在组织是仍然存在的。
2、家庭承包为基础、统分结合的经营模式更真实的说明了生产队的存在,那种认为生产队已经不存在的观点是不懂法律造成的,事实上家庭承包是在“统一”的前提下承包,“分”与“统”是相结合的。
很多人认为生产队已经不存在,因为现在的农村生产是承包到户,生产队全体成员集体合作劳动已经不存在,这种想当然的观点只是断章取义,没有真正把握事实。虽然现在是家庭承包为主,但是仍然在是集体经济组织发包给各家庭,由集体经济组织的内部的成员经营的统一管理的前提下进行的,所以各级集体经济组织仍然是存在的。我国农村集体经济体制改革,只是将集体经济组织的经营模式进行了改革,并没有将集体经济组织取消。

三、xx生产队这一集体经济组织是具备诉讼主体资格。
1、从法律层面上,行政诉讼法规定的起诉主体为“公民、法人、其他组织”,而xx生产队属于一个集体经济组织,属于法律规定其他组织。
1、依据《农村人民公社工作条例修正草案》第二条规定“人民公社的基本核算单位是生产队。根据各地方不同的情况,人民公社的组织,可以是两级,即公社和生产队,也可以是三级,即公社、生产大队和生产队。” 二十一条规定“生产队范围内的土地,都归生产队所有。生产队所有的土地,包括社员的自留地、自留山、宅基地等等,一 律不准出租和买卖。”《关于确定土地所有权和使用权的若干规定》第十九条规定:“土地改革时分给农民并颁发了土地所有证的土地,属于农民集体所有;实施《六十条》时确定为集体所有的土地,属农民集体所有。依照第二章规定属于国家所有的除外。”《中华人民共和国土地管理法》第十条规定“农民集体所有的土地依法属于村农民集体所有的,由村集体经济组织或者村民委员会经营、管理;已经分别属于村内两个以上农村集体经济组织的农民集体所有的,由村内各该农村集体经济组织或者村民小组经营、管理;已经属于乡(镇)农民集体所有的,由乡(镇)农村集体经济组织经营、管理。”
在我国,集体经济组织的成立是在60年代,当时确立了“三级所有、队为基础”的集体经济组织所有制,之后于90年代的土地管理法及相关法规、直到2004年修订的土地管理法,都一直承认集体经济组织的独立资格,2004年土地管理法第十条将集体经济组织与村委会、村民小组并列的规定在法律之中,也可以明确的判断出法律从60年代到现在是认可集体经济组织的主体资格的。
2、在司法实践中,xx生产队的主体资格得到各级法制部门的一致认可。
在xx生产队关于土地问题的维权过程中曾经向xx市人民法院起诉杨月仙土地侵权、向xx市中级人民法院起诉xx市体育中心土地侵权、向福建省人民政府、国务院等法制部门申请行政复议和裁决,各级司法和法制部门一致认为xx生产队主体适格,并立案受理。xx市中级人民法院(2010)宁民终字第313号《《民事裁定书》》明确裁定xx生产队“原告主体适格”,《最高人民法院关于安怀村公所与三家二队土地纠纷案如何处理的复函》(说明:该复函是1991年最高人民法院作出,当时已经将土地承包到户,经济体制已经改革)也明确承认生产队的主体资格,可以得到肯定性的结论,我国司法实践中一直认可生产队这种集体经济组织的资格。
3、xx生产队有固定的财产和成员、负责人,属于固定的组织。
xx生产队的林权证属于甲种林权证,属于林和地统一的林权证,此外xx生产队还具有其他的林地和土地以及其他财产,xx生产队有固定的成员约130多人,负责人为队长高其用,这一点xx生产队提交的1、福鼎县人民政府林权证(鼎政林字No 0003634);2、无林地 疏林地登记册;3、xx市林业局文件(鼎林 [ 2010] 3号);4、高其用作为第三生产队队长的证明;这些证据可以充分的证明代理人主张的事实。
xx生产队xx生产队属于生产队(组)一级的集体经济组织,流美村村民委员会对属于xx生产队所有的土地是没有管理和经营权的。xx生产队对于xx市体育中心批准征收其林权证范围内的土地,享有所有权,涉案土地依法应当由xx生产队管理和经营。xx生产队有财产,有成员,有负责人,享有诉权。
四、关于xx生产队名称的说明。
xx生产队这一集体经济组织,原属于流美大队,后流美大队划分成流美、春亭、石湖社区,xx生产队归属于石湖社区。
xx生产队的官方名称为“xx生产队”,xx生产队的名称从其设立至今,名称一直没有变化过,只是在生活中部分人将其称之为第三村民小组,因为农村很多人认为村民小组即生产队,没有什么区别。但实际上这两个词的概念是不同的。因为村民小组属于自治组织,生产队属于经济组织,村民小组只是生产队内部的一个自治管理组织。
自xx生产队形成以来,至其归属到石湖社区其名称从未发生过变化,xx生产队没有自己申请变更,石湖社区及政府各部门也未将其更改过,(1、现有石湖社区居委会的《证明》xx生产队名称仍为“xx生产队”,队长为“高其用”;石湖社区居委会《证明》“许新庚等人属于xx生产队成员”,这可以证明xx生产队这一集体经济组织的名称为“xx生产队”;2、《xx市林业局文件》(鼎林[2010]3号)证明xx生产队的发展渊源,现归属于石湖社区,现任队长为“高其用”;3、xx市中级人民法院(2010)宁民终字第313号《民事裁定书》,xx市人民法院“(2010)鼎民初字第1128号”《民事裁定书》证明xx生产队的名称为“xx生产队”。4、《xx市人民政府办公室文件》)(鼎政办[2010]74号)可以说明xx生产队历来的名称为“xx生产队”但是对其称谓,有时候会称之为村民小组。)
综上所述,xx生产队的官方正式名称为“xx生产队”,至于“第三村民小组”属于一些单位和个人口头上对其的“称谓”。

综上所述、目前我国集体经济所有制仍然是“三级所有、队为基础”;生产队作为基本的集体经济组织仍然是存在;一审裁定认为生产队存在的理由不符合逻辑和法律规定,属于主观擅断。一审裁定认定事实错误,依法应予撤销。


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关于印发佳木斯市已建住宅分户供热改造管理规定的通知

黑龙江省佳木斯市人民政府办公室


关于印发佳木斯市已建住宅分户供热改造管理规定的通知

佳政办发〔2007〕37号


各县(市)区人民政府,市政府直属各单位,驻佳中省直单位:

  经市政府同意,现将《佳木斯市已建住宅分户供热改造管理规定》印发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。

                        佳木斯市人民政府办公室
                        二○○七年八月十五日


佳木斯市已建住宅分户供热改造管理规定

第一条  为深化我市供热体制改革,加快实行用热商品化,改善居民供热质量,规范分户供热改造行为,依法保障供热分户改造各方当事人的合法权益,根据《黑龙江省城市供热条例》及国家和省有关文件规定,制定本规定。
  第二条  凡符合以下各项条件之一,严重影响居民采暖、供热费收缴和供热节能的,可以按照本规定实施分户供热改造:
  (一)未欠费居民用户分户供热改造同意率达到60%以上的已建住宅;
  (二)累计两年以上热费收缴率未达到85%的已建住宅;
  (三)设施老化需要更新改造的室内、室外采暖系统;
  (四)公企用房与居民住宅共用的室内采暖系统;
  (五)原设计或施工不规范的室内采暖系统;
  (六)室温偏低,热费收缴难的采暖系统。
  第三条 市城市供热领导小组办公室负责全市已建住宅分户供热改造的监督管理工作。各有关行政执法部门按照各自的法定职责,各司其职、协调配合,做好分户供热改造的相关工作。
  第四条 分户供热改造应当由供热单位组织实施。供热单位向市城市供热领导小组办公室提交《分户供热改造申报审核表》、《分户供热改造楼栋基本情况统计表》、供热单位营业执照、分户供热改造室内、外设计说明书、设计图纸、施工组织设计方案、资金筹集及施工前培训情况证明、施工单位资质证明、参加施工的电工、电焊工等技术工人的技术等级证书等项材料,经市城市供热领导小组办公室审查通过后方可施行。
  改造楼房所在社区负责走访拟改造楼房居民用户,并向市城市供热领导小组办公室提交《分户供热改造同意率走访调查表》。供热单位应向社区提供改造楼房居民用户供热费交缴情况,积极配合社区的工作。
  对热费收缴率累计两年以上未达到85%的已建楼房的分户供热改造,由供热单位向佳木斯市城市供热领导小组办公室提供热费收缴情况及证明材料,并由市城市供热领导小组办公室审查、确认。
  第五条 进行分户供热改造的楼房,以单体楼核定户外改造费用,按直接费计取。市价格行政主管部门会同相关部门及居民代表对分户改造预决算进行审核、定价,定价后由改造楼房所在社区负责张榜公示,居民按本户房屋产权证明标注的建筑面积分摊。改造单位自愿负担户外改造费用的除外。
  为降低分户改造费用,分户改造工程涉及占挖巷道和庭院的,巷道和庭院的主管部门免收占挖道费。施工后由改造单位按巷道和庭院主管部门要求及时恢复。对不按要求恢复的,巷道和庭院行政主管部门依据有关规定予以处理。
户内部分由住户按照供热单位提供的设计要求自行负责改造,费用自理。
  未经改造楼房所在社区公示改造价格和未经验收及验收不合格的,供热单位、施工单位不得向居民收取分户供热改造费。
  第六条 改造工程实行公示制。在施工前召开会议,由改造楼房所在社区和供热单位组织居民代表等有关人员参加,将分户供热改造工程的时间、进度、要求、收费标准、服务标准、服务质量以及施工单位名称、地址、资质、负责人姓名、单位及负责人电话等事项向居民如实并及时公示,接受监督。
  第七条 在分户供热改造施工过程中要严格遵守《建筑给水、排水、采暖工程及施工质量验收规范GB50242-2002》和国家有关施工规范。
  分户供热改造工程,必须由有资质的设计单位设计,户内和户外改造施工都要严格按设计图纸进行,不得擅自修改和变更设计,确需修改设计的应由设计单位出具设计变更图纸,报市城市供热领导小组办公室审查通过后方可施行。
工程所需材料应当从厂家统一批量订购,减少中间加价环节,降低改造费用。
  第八条 施工过程中要做好安全、技术交底工作,要做到文明施工、礼貌服务,楼梯、楼板、墙体等部位穿管必须采用水钻钻孔,做到活完、场清、料净,尽可能减少对室内、外其它设备设施的破坏。
  第九条 各用热单位和个人应积极配合分户供热改造,不得以任何理由阻碍分户供热改造工程的进行,其室内、外专有部分装修有碍施工无法采取保全处理的,应当自行拆除。
  对不参加分户供热改造工作的热用户,视为自动解除供用热合同,其室内给排水等设施要自行采取防冻措施保护完好。因未采取保护措施或保护措施不完善而产生的后果,由用户自行负责。
  自动解除供用热合同的用户再入网上热时,需按有关规定交纳应承担部分的分户改造工程费。
  第十条 分户供热改造后的楼房供热设施,供热单位负责管理服务到户。其维修养护费用按照《中华人民共和国物权法》和《黑龙江省城市供热条例》的有关规定处理。
  用户室内系统按照供热单位设计图纸改造后,出现室温不达标的由供热单位负责。
  用户室内系统没有按照供热单位设计图纸改造的,出现室温不达标的由住户自己负责。
  第十一条 分户供热改造工程结束后,分户供热改造工程施工单位应当向市城市供热领导小组办公室提交竣工验收申请,市城市供热领导小组办公室组织建设质量主管部门、社区、供热单位、施工单位、居民代表进行工程质量验收。
  未经验收或者验收不合格的,由市城市供热领导小组办公室责令限期整改,整改费用由供热改造工程施工单位承担。
  第十二条 分户供热改造工程每年5月1日起开始施工,当年10月10日前竣工并完成系统调试,保证按期供热。
  第十三条 未经批准,擅自进行分户供热改造的单位或者阻挠、拒绝政府批准的供热改造工程,将依据《黑龙江省城市供热条例》和其它有关法律法规规定予以行政处罚。
  第十四条 本规定自发布之日起施行。
  第十五条 本规定施行之日起,原《佳木斯市已建住宅分户供热改造暂行规定》(佳政办发[2004]58号)同时废止。



中国公民因私事往来香港地区或者澳门地区的暂行管理办法(附英文)

公安部


中国公民因私事往来香港地区或者澳门地区的暂行管理办法(附英文)

(一九八六年十二月三日国务院批准一九八六年十二月二十五日公安部公布)

第一章 总 则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国公民出境入境管理法》第十七条的规定,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于内地公民因私事往来香港地区(下称香港)或者澳门地区(下称澳门)以及港澳同胞来往内地。
第三条 内地公民因私事前往香港、澳门,凭我国公安机关签发的前往港澳通行证或者往来港澳通行证从指定的口岸通行;返回内地也可以从其他对外开放的口岸通行。指定的口岸:往香港是深圳,往澳门是拱北。
第四条 港澳同胞来往于香港、澳门与内地之间,凭我国公安机关签发的港澳同胞回乡证或者入出境通行证,从中国对外开放的口岸通行。

第二章 内地公民前往香港、澳门
第五条 内地公民因私事前往香港、澳门定居,实行定额审批的办法,以利于维护和保持香港和澳门的经济繁荣和社会稳定。
第六条 内地公民因私事前往香港、澳门,须向户口所在地的市、县公安局出入境管理部门提出申请。
第七条 有下列情形之一的,可以申请前往香港、澳门定居:(一)夫妻一方定居香港、澳门,分居多年的;(二)定居香港、澳门的父母年老体弱,必须由内地子女前往照料的;(三)内地无依无靠的老人和儿童须投靠在香港、澳门的直系亲属和近亲属的;(四)定居香港、澳门直系亲属的产业无人继承,必须由内地子女去定居才能继承的;(五)有其他特殊情况必须去定居的。
第八条 有下列情形之一的,可以申请短期前往香港、澳门:(一)在香港、澳门有定居的近亲属,须前往探望的;(二)直系亲属或者近亲属是台湾同胞,必须由内地亲人去香港、澳门会亲的;(三)归国华侨的直系亲属、兄弟姐妹和侨眷的直系亲属不能回内地探亲,必须去香港、澳门会面的;(四)必须去香港、澳门处理产业的;(五)有其他特殊情况,必须短期去香港、澳门的。
第九条 内地公民因私事申请前往香港、澳门,须回答有关的询问并履行下列手续:(一)交验户口簿或者其他户籍证明;(二)填写申请表;(三)提交所在工作单位对申请人前往香港、澳门的意见;(四)提交与申请事由相应的证明。
第十条 本办法第九条第四项所称的证明是指:(一)夫妻团聚,须提交合法婚姻证明,以及配偶在香港、澳门有永久居住资格的证明;(二)去香港、澳门照顾年老体弱父母或者无依无靠的老人、儿童投靠香港、澳门亲属,须提交与香港、澳门亲属关系及其在香港、澳门有永久居住资格的证明;(三)继承或者处理产业,须提交产业状况和合法继承权的证明;(四)探望在香港、澳门亲属,须提交亲属函件;时间急迫的,应尽可能提交与申请事由相关的说明或者证明;(五)会见台湾亲属或者会见居住国外的亲属,须提交亲属到达香港、澳门日期的确切证明。
第十一条 公安机关出入境管理部门受理的前往香港、澳门的申请,应当在六十天内作出批准或者不批准的决定,通知申请人。
第十二条 经批准前往香港、澳门定居的内地公民,由公安机关出入境管理部门发给前往港澳通行证。持证人应当在前往香港、澳门之前,到所在地公安派出所注销户口,并在规定的时间内前往香港、澳门。经批准短期前往香港、澳门的内地公民,发给往来港澳通行证。持证人应当在规定时间内前往并按期返回。
第十三条 内地公民申请去香港、澳门,有下列情形之一的,不予批准:(一)属于《中华人民共和国公民出境入境管理法》第八条规定情形的;(二)不属于本办法第七条和第八条规定情形的;(三)编造情况、提供假证明,欺骗公安机关出入境管理部门的。

第三章 港澳同胞来内地
第十四条 港澳同胞来内地,须申请领取港澳同胞回乡证。港澳同胞回乡证由广东省公安厅签发。申领港澳同胞回乡证须交验居住身份证明、填写申请表。不经常来内地的港澳同胞,可申请领取入出境通行证。申领办法与申领港澳同胞回乡证相同。
第十五条 有下列情形之一的,不发给港澳同胞回乡证或者入出境通行证:(一)被认为有可能进行抢劫、盗窃、贩毒等犯罪活动的;(二)编造情况,提交假证明的;(三)精神病患者。
第十六条 港澳同胞驾驶机动车辆来内地,应当按照广东省人民政府有关规定申请行车执照,驾驶人员还须向广东省公安厅出入境管理处申请驾驶港澳机动车辆来往内地的许可。
第十七条 港澳同胞短期来内地,要按照户口管理规定,办理暂住登记。在宾馆、饭店、旅店、招待所、学校等企业、事业单位或者机关、团体及其他机构内住宿的,应当填写临时住宿登记表;住在亲友家的,由本人或者亲友在二十四小时内(农村可在七十二小时内)到住地公安派出所或者户籍办公室办理暂住登记。
第十八条 港澳同胞要求回内地定居的,应当事先向拟定居地的市、县公安局提出申请,获准后,持注有回乡定居签注的港澳同胞回乡证,至定居地办理常住户口手续。

第四章 出入境检查
第十九条 内地公民往来香港、澳门以及港澳同胞来往内地,须向对外开放口岸或者指定口岸的边防检查站出示出入境证件,填交出境、入境登记卡,接受查验。
第二十条 有下列情形之一的,边防检查站有权阻止出境、入境:(一)未持有往来港澳通行证件、港澳同胞回乡证或其他有效证件的;(二)持用伪造、涂改等无效的往来港澳通行证件或者港澳同胞回乡证,冒用他人往来港澳通行证件或者港澳同胞回乡证的;(三)拒绝交验证件的。具有前款第二项规定的情形的,并可依照本办法第二十六条的规定处理。

第五章 证件管理
第二十一条 港澳同胞回乡证由持证人保存,有效期十年,在有效期内可以多次使用。超过有效期或者查验页用完的,可以换领新证。申请新证按照本办法第十四条规定办理。
第二十二条 前往港澳通行证在有效期内一次使用有效。往来港澳通行证有效期五年,可以延期二次,每次不超过五年,证件由持证人保存、使用,每次前往香港、澳门均须按照本办法第六条、第八条、第十条的规定办理申请手续,经批准的作一次往返签注。经公安部特别授权的公安机关可以作多次往返签注。
第二十三条 港澳同胞来内地后遗失港澳同胞回乡证,应向遗失地的市、县或者交通运输部门的公安机关报失,经公安机关调查属实,出具证明,由公安机关出入境管理部门签发一次有效的入出境通行证,凭证返回香港、澳门。港澳同胞无论在香港、澳门或者内地遗失港澳同胞回乡证,均可以按照本办法第十四条规定重新申请领取港澳同胞回乡证。
第二十四条 内地公民在前往香港、澳门之前遗失前往港澳通行证、往来港澳通行证的,应立即报告原发证机关,并由本人登报声明,经调查属实的,重新发给证件。
第二十五条 港澳同胞回乡证持证人有本办法第十五条规定情形之一的,证件应予以吊销。吊销证件由原发证机关或其上级机关决定并予以收缴。

第六章 处 罚
第二十六条 持用伪造、涂改等无效的或者冒用他人的前往港澳通行证、往来港澳通行证、港澳同胞回乡证、入出境通行证的,除可以没收证件外,并视情节轻重,处以警告或五日以下拘留。
第二十七条 伪造、涂改、转让前往港澳通行证、往来港澳通行证、港澳同胞回乡证、入出境通行证的,处十日以下拘留;情节严重,构成犯罪的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》的有关条款的规定追究刑事责任。
第二十八条 编造情况,提供假证明,或者以行贿等手段,获取前往港澳通行证、往来港澳通行证、港澳同胞回乡证、入出境通行证,情节较轻的,处以警告或五日以下拘留;情节严重,构成犯罪的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》的有关条款的规定追究刑事责任。
第二十九条 公安机关的工作人员在执行本办法时,如有利用职权索取、收受贿赂或者有其他违法失职行为,情节轻微的,可以由主管部门酌情予以行政处分;情节严重,构成犯罪的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》的有关条款的规定追究刑事责任。

第七章 附 则
第三十条 本办法由公安部组织实施,负责解释。
第三十一条 本办法自公布之日起施行。

INTERIM MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF CHINESE CITIZENS TRAVELLING ONPRIVATE BUSINESS TO OR FROM THE REGIONS OF HONG KONG OR MACAO

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF CHINESE CITIZENS TRAVELLING ON
PRIVATE BUSINESS TO OR FROM THE REGIONS OF HONG KONG OR MACAO
(Approved by the State Council on December 3, 1986 and promulgated
by the Ministry of Public Security on December 25, 1986)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Measures are formulated in accordance with the provisions in Article
17 of The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Control of the Exit
and Entry of Citizens.
Article 2
These Measures shall apply to inland citizens who enter or leave, on
private business, the region of Hong Kong (hereinafter referred to as Hong
Kong) or the region of Macao (hereinafter referred to as Macao), and also
to compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao who enter or leave the inland
areas.
Article 3
Inland citizens travelling, on private business, to Hong Kong or Macao
shall leave the country by way of the designated ports, by presenting the
passes to Hong Kong and Macao or the passes to and from Hong Kong and
Macao signed and issued by public security organs of China, when returning
to the inland areas, they may enter through other ports open to the
outside world.
The designated ports are: Shenzhen - for those who are bound for Hong
Kong; Gongbei -for those who are bound for Macao.
Article 4
Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao travelling between Hong Kong/Macao
and the inland areas shall pass China's ports open to the outside world on
the strength of the Home-Visiting passes for Compatriots from Hong Kong
and Macao, or the Entry-Exit Pass, signed and issued by public security
organs of China.

Chapter II Inland Citizens Travelling to Hong Kong and Macao
Article 5
With respect to inland citizens going on private business to Hong Kong or
Macao to settle down there, the fixed-quota procedures for examination and
approval shall be implemented, in order to facilitate the safeguarding and
maintaining of the economic prosperity and social stability of Hong Kong
and Macao.
Article 6
An inland citizen who wishes to go to Hong Kong or Macao on private
business shall file an application to the entry-exit control department of
the public security bureau of the county or municipality where the
applicant's registered residence is located.
Article 7
Persons who come under one of the following circumstances may apply for
the permission to go and settle down in Hong Kong or Macao;
(1) any spouse of a married couple resides in Hong Kong or Macao, thereby
separating from the other for many years;
(2) a person's parents residing in Hong Kong or Macao are aged and in poor
health, and must be taken care of by their son or daughter from the inland
areas;
(3) helpless old people and children residing in inland areas, who have to
seek support from their lineal relatives or near relatives in Hong Kong or
Macao;
(4) in the event that lineal relatives residing in Hong Kong or Macao have
nobody there to inherit their real estate, their son or daughter in inland
areas may inherit the real estate in question, provided that they must go
and settle down in Hong Kong or Macao;
(5) persons who must go and settle down in Hong Kong or Macao for other
special circumstances.
Article 8
Persons who come under one of the following circumstances may apply for
permission to go to Hong Kong or Macao for short visits:
(1) a person who has near relatives residing in Hong Kong or Macao and has
the necessity to go there to pay a visit to them;
(2) a person's lineal relatives or near relatives are compatriots of
Taiwan and so he/she must go to Hong Kong or Macao to meet them;
(3) in the event that the lineal relatives or brothers and sisters of
returned overseas Chinese, or the lineal relatives of the family members
of overseas Chinese, are unable to return to inland areas to pay a visit
to their relatives, the person concerned must go and meet his/her
relatives in Hong Kong or Macao;
(4) a person who must go to Hong Kong or Macao in order to dispose of
his/her property;
(5) a person who, owing to other special circumstances, must go to Hong
Kong or Macao for a short period of time.
Article 9
Inland citizens, who apply for permission to go to Hong Kong or Macao on
private business, shall answer relevant questions and go through the
following procedures:
(1) to present for examination the residential registration booklet or
other certification of residence registration;
(2) to fill in an application form;
(3) to present the written comments of the applicant's work unit,
concerning the applicant's intention to go to Hong Kong or Macao;
(4) to submit certification relevant to the applicant's reasons for filing
the application.
Article 10
The certifications, as mentioned in Item 4 of Article 9 of these Measures,
refer to:
(1) where a married couple wish to have their reunion, they shall present
certification of their lawful marriage and the certification testifying to
the permanent resident status of his/her spouse in Hong Kong or Macao;
(2) where a person goes to Hong Kong or Macao in order to take care of
his/her parents who are aged and in poor health or helpless old people, or
where children go to Hong Kong or Macao to seek support from their
relatives there, they shall present certification testifying to the
kinship between the applicants and their relatives in Hong Kong or Macao
and also the certification testifying to the permanent resident status of
their relatives in Hong Kong or Macao;
(3) where a person goes to Hong Kong or Macao to inherit or to dispose of
his/her property, he/she shall present certifications testifying to the
status of the said property and also to the lawful right of inheritance;
(4) where a person wishes to pay a visit to his/her relatives residing in
Hong Kong or Macao, he/she shall present letters sent by his/her
relatives; if it is very urgent, he/she shall present a written
explanation or certification relevant to the reason for filing the
application;
(5) where a person wishes to go to Hong Kong or Macao to meet his/her
relatives residing in Taiwan or in a foreign country, he/she shall present
an accurate certification testifying to the date of arrival in Hong Kong
or Macao of his/her relatives.
Article 11
The entry-exit control department of a public security organ, shall, after
receiving an application for going to Hong Kong or Macao, decide within 60
days to approve or disapprove the said application, and notify the
application of the decision.
Article 12
With respect to an inland citizen, whose application for leaving an inland
area and settling down in Hong Kong or Macao has been approved, the entry-
exit control department of the public security organ shall issue to the
applicant a travel pass for going to Hong Kong or Macao. The holder of the
travel pass shall, before leaving for Hong Kong or Macao, go to the local
police station for the cancellation of his/her residence registration, and
then leave for Hong Kong or Macao within the prescribed time. To an
inland citizen, whose application for a temporary stay in Hong Kong or
Macao has been approved, a pass for travelling between the inland areas
and Hong Kong or Macao shall be issued. The holder of the travel pass
shall leave for his/her destination within the prescribed time and return
on schedule.
Article 13
The applications filed for permission to go to Hong Kong or Macao by those
who come under one of the following circumstances shall not be approved:
(1) those who come under the circumstances stipulated in Article 8 of The
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Control of the Exit and Entry
of Citizens;
(2) those who do not come under the circumstances stipulated in Article 7
and Article 8 of these Measures;
(3) those who have fabricated situations and presented forged
certification to cheat the entry-exit control department of public
security organs.

Chapter III Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao Entering the Inland Areas
Article 14
Compatriots from Hong Kong or Macao who wish to enter the inland areas
shall apply for and obtain the Home-Visiting Certificate for Compatriots
from Hong Kong and Macao. The Home-Visiting Certificates for Compatriots
from Hong Kong and Macao shall be signed and issued by the Public Security
Department of Guangdong Province.
When applying for Home-Visiting Certificate the applicant shall present
his/her residential status identification and fill in an application form.
Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, who do not come to visit the inland
areas frequently, may apply for an entry-exit pass. The measures for
obtaining the pass shall be the same as those for obtaining the Home-
Visiting Certificates for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao.
Article 15
The Home-Visiting Certificates for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao
and entry-exit passes shall not be issued to those who come under one of
the following circumstances:
(1) those who are likely to engage in such criminal activities as robbery,
theft, and trafficking in narcotics;
(2) those who have fabricated situations and presented forged
certifications;
(3) mental patients.
Article 16
Where compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao make a trip to the inland areas
by driving motor vehicles, they shall apply for driving licences in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the People's Government of
Guangdong Province; and the drivers shall also apply to the Entry-Exit
Control Division of the Public Security Department of Guangdong Province
for permits to drive motor vehicles from and back to Hong Kong and Macao.
Article 17
Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao who come to the inland areas for a
short stay shall, in accordance with the provisions of the administration
of residence registration, go through the procedures for the registration
of temporary stay. Those who are accommodated in such enterprises and
institutions as guest houses, hotels, inns, hostels and schools, or in
state organs, public organizations and other institutions, shall fill in a
registration form for temporary stay; those who stay in the homes of their
relatives shall, within 24 hours (72 hours in the rural areas), go through
the registration procedures for temporary stay themselves, or this may be
done by their relatives or friends on their behalf, with the police
station, or with the office for residence registration in the respective
places of their residences.
Article 18
Where compatriots from Hong Kong or Macao wish to return to the inland
areas and settle down there, they shall file an application, in advance,
to the public security bureau of the municipality or county where the
applicants intend to settle down. After obtaining the approval, they shall
go through the procedures for permanent residence registration with the
police station in the places of their destination by presenting the Home-
Visiting Certificate for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, with a
signed statement testifying to the certificate-holders intention to return
to the inland areas and settle down there.

Chapter IV Entry-Exit Inspection
Article 19
Inland citizens who travel between the inland areas and Hong Kong/Macao,
and compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao who travel between Hong
Kong/Macao and the inland areas, shall present their entry-exit
certificates to the frontier posts at ports that are open to the outside
world or at designated ports, fill in and present the entry-exit
registration cards, and accept inspection.
Article 20
With respect to those who come under one of the following circumstances,
the local frontier posts have the power to forbid them to enter or leave
the country:
(1) those who do not hold documents of certification for travelling
between inland areas and the areas of Hong Kong or Macao, the
Home-Visiting Certificates for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, or
other valid documents of certification;
(2) those who hold or use invalid, forged or altered documents of
certification for travelling between the inland areas and Hong Kong/Macao
or invalid, forged or altered Home-Visiting Certificate for Compatriots
from Hong Kong and Macao; those who illegally use other persons' documents
of certification or Home-Visiting Certificates for Compatriots from Hong
Kong and Macao;
(3) those who refuse to present documents of certification for inspection.
Cases concerning those who come under the circumstances stipulated in Item
2 of the preceding paragraph may also be handled in accordance with the
provisions of Article 26 of these Measures.

Chapter V The Administration of Documents of Certifications
Article 21
The Home-Visiting Certificate for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao
shall be kept by the certificate holder, and the period of validity of the
Certificate shall be 10 years; within this period of validity, the
Certificate can be used many times. If the period of validity has run out,
or the attached pages for keeping inspection records have all been used
up, the certificate-holder may apply for a new Certificate in place of the
old one. The case of application for a new Certificate shall be handled
in accordance with the provisions in Article 14 of these Measures.
Article 22
The travel pass for going to Hong Kong or Macao shall be valid for one
trip within the period of validity. The period of validity of the pass for
travelling between the inland areas and Hong Kong/Macao shall be 5 years
and may be extended twice, each extension of the period of validity shall
not exceed 5 years; the travel pass shall be kept and used by the pass-
holder. For every trip the pass-holder is to make to Hong Kong or Macao,
he/she shall go through the application procedures in accordance with the
provisions in Article 6, Article 8 and Article 10 of these Measures; for
each approved application, a single trip endorsement shall be made on the
pass. The public security organ, specially authorized by the Ministry of
Public Security, may make a multiple-journey endorsement on the pass.
Article 23
If a compatriot from Hong Kong or Macao loses his/her Home-Visiting
Certificate for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao after he/she has
arrived in the inland areas, he/she shall report the loss to the public
security organs either of a county or municipality, or of the department
of communications and transportation stationed at the place where the said
certificate has been lost. After the public security organ has proved the
case to be true through investigation, it shall issue a certification, and
the entry-exit control department of the public security organ shall sign
and issue an entry-exit pass, which is valid for just one trip, for the
said person to go back to Hong Kong or Macao. With respect to compatriots
from Hong Kong and Macao, no matter where they lose their Home-Visiting
Certificates for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, in Hong Kong/Macao
or in inland areas, they may apply for new Home-Visiting Certificates for
Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao in accordance with the provisions of
Article 14 of these Measures.
Article 24
If an inland citizen, before leaving for Hong Kong/Macao, loses his/her
travel pass for going to Hong Kong/Macao or the pass for travelling
between the inland areas and Hong Kong/Macao, he/she shall immediately
report the loss to the original pass-issuing department, and publish a
statement in a newspaper announcing the loss; the pass-issuing department
shall, having proved the case to be true through investigation, re-issue a
new travel pass to the person concerned.
Article 25
If a holder of the Home-Visiting Certificate for Compatriots from Hong
Kong and Macao comes under one of the circumstances stipulated in Article
15 of these Measures, his/her travel pass shall be revoked.
Cases concerning the revocation of documents of certification shall be
determined by the original certificate-issuing department or by its higher
authorities, which shall seize the said documents.

Chapter VI Penalties
Article 26
With respect to any person who has held and used an invalid, forged or
altered document or used another person's document such as travel pass for
going to Hong Kong and Macao, pass for travelling between the inland areas
and Hong Kong/Macao, Home-Visiting Certificate for Compatriots from Hong
Kong and Macao, or entry-exit pass, in addition to seizing the document in
question, a warning or a detention for 5 days or less, may be imposed on
the violator, depending on the seriousness of the case.
Article 27
With respect to any person who has forged, altered or transferred to
another person a travel pass for going to Hong Kong/Macao, a pass for
travelling between the inland areas and Hong Kong/Macao, a Home-Visiting
Certificate for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, or an entry-exit
pass, a detention for 10 days or less may be imposed on the offender; if
the case is so serious as to constitute a crime, the offender's criminal
responsibility shall be investigated according to the relevant provisions
of The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 28
With respect to any person who has fabricated situations, provided false
certification, or resorted to bribery in order to obtain a travel pass for
going to Hong Kong/Macao, a pass for travelling between the inland areas
and Hong Kong/Macao, a Home-Visiting Certificate for Compatriots from Hong
Kong and Macao, or an entry-exit pass, if the case is minor, a detention
for 5 days or less shall be imposed on the offender; if the case is so
serious as to constitute a crime, the offender's criminal responsibility
shall be investigated according to the relevant provisions of the Criminal
Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 29
Where any functionary of a public security organ, while executing these
Measures, by taking advantage of his/her position and powers, has asked
for and accepted bribery, committed other illegal acts or abuse of his/her
office, if the case is not so serious, an administrative sanction may be
imposed on the offender by the competent authority at its discretion; if
the case is so serious as to constitute a crime, the offender's criminal
responsibility shall be investigated according to the provisions of the
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions
Article 30
These Measures shall be implemented and interpreted by the Ministry of
Public Security.
Article 31
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.



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